The Fifth Amendment"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."
Source: The Constitution
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Self-Incrimination
This facet of the Fifth Amendment states that any defendant has the right to refrain from speaking in order to protect themselves in a court of law.
The case that incorporated this piece of the Fifth Amendment is Malloy v. Hogan (1963). William Malloy was incarcerated for being in contempt of court after refusing to testify "on grounds it may tend to incriminate [him]" (Oyez). Hence, Malloy filed a habeas corpus petition regarding his imprisonment and by a 5-4 vote the Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the Fifth Amendment right to exemption from self-incrimination.
The case that incorporated this piece of the Fifth Amendment is Malloy v. Hogan (1963). William Malloy was incarcerated for being in contempt of court after refusing to testify "on grounds it may tend to incriminate [him]" (Oyez). Hence, Malloy filed a habeas corpus petition regarding his imprisonment and by a 5-4 vote the Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment protected the Fifth Amendment right to exemption from self-incrimination.
Just Compensation
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago was the case that incorporated the right of just compensation at the state level. In 1880, the Chicago City Council decided to widen a street which required that some citizens give up parts of their private property. The courts then awarded these citizens just compensation (known as the takings clause), thus the rights to just compensation were applied to the states stating that "...fair compensation [must] be given for any private property seized by the state" (Wikipedia-Chicago).
What If?
What could possibly go wrong if Fifth Amendment rights were not incorporated? For starters, the american judicial system would be very flawed and very unfair for defendants. All bets would be off if you were convicted of a crime; your rights wouold be stripped away and you could be subject to being forced to confess/ speak, you could be tried over and over and over for the same crime until the courts reached the verdict that pleased them, and citizens would not get money that they deserve from the government. Overall, a world without the selectively incorporated rights of the Fifth Amendment would be a dark place for citizens, criminals, offenders, and (most importantly) the falsely accused.